Pangea was the singular supercontinent that stretched from the North Pole to the South Pole, covering all of the Earth's landmasses. In the northern part, it included what would later become North America, Europe, and Asia, while the southern portion contained South America, Africa, Antarctica, Australia, and India.
175 million years ago, Pangea broke up, causing geographical isolation, which led to the divergence of species, including early humans. Isolated populations adapted to local climates, resulting in distinct physical traits, such as skin color and lactose tolerance. This separation also spurred independent technological and cultural innovations, as societies developed unique solutions to local challenges.